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Cushing syndrome is characterized by an overproduction of cortisol in the body, often due to various medical conditions, such as pituitary adenomas, adrenal tumors, or prolonged use of glucocorticoid medications. The hallmark of Cushing syndrome includes features such as obesity, particularly around the trunk and face, and other symptoms related to high cortisol levels.

The statement about facial cachexia is inaccurate within the context of Cushing syndrome. Facial cachexia refers to a emaciated or wasting appearance of the face, which is not typical in patients with Cushing syndrome. Instead, individuals with Cushing syndrome often exhibit a rounded or "moon" face due to fat redistribution rather than loss. This contrasting presentation, with fat accumulation rather than cachexia, defines the cosmetic features observed in Cushing syndrome.

The other statements accurately reflect aspects of Cushing syndrome. Extended exposure to high cortisol levels indeed leads to the condition's development, and it is most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 25 and 40. A significant proportion of cases arise due to pituitary dysfunction, commonly referred to as Cushing disease, where a pituitary adenoma produces excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), stimulating cortisol production from the adrenal glands.